Sociology/Anthropology (B. A. 1st Year)

History of Human Society and Culture:
Paleolithic
The first or the oldest pre-historical culture is known as Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. The word Paleolithic has come from the Greek word ‘Palaios’ meaning old and ‘lithos’ means stone. Paleolithic refers to the pre-history of mankind covering the period from the first appearance of tool using human until the emergence of Mesolithic stage. Paleolithic people lived as hunter-gatherers without agriculture and without formal pottery production. The Paleolithic has traditionally been subdivided into three successive phases, namely
1. Lower Paleolithic age 
2. Middle Paleolithic age 
3. Upper Paleolithic age

Lower Paleolithic age
It is the most ancient stage of human being. It is said that the Aestelopithecus was raised in this age. People in this age had hunting and gathering nature. At the very beginning they had very difficult types of weapons. But later on they discovered, Fire, which gave various shape, size and easiness to them and their weapons. Commonly they had Hand axe, Awls, Flake tools. The Lower Paleolithic people used to hunt animals like horse, dear, rabbit etc. They used to live in caves. These people used to wear ornaments of Shippy shellfish, wood, stone and of bones. They had sign language to protect themselves from their enemies. They used to take the help of fire to protect themselves from cold and from their enemies. Especially women used to look their children and men used to go for hunting foods and required things. There was no development of art, literature etc. During Lower Paleolithic period many river valleys and traces were formed. People of this period preferred to live near the water supply area.

Social Research (B.A. 3rd Year)

Society is an organized group of persons associated together with shared objectives, norms and values pertain to the society. People have social life and social process.


Research is systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem that need a solution. It contributes to the general body of knowledge. It also corrects human knowledge. Social research now can be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events in society. It attempts to answer or solve social problem.


According to C. A. Moser: "Social research is a systematized investigation to gain new knowledge about social phenomena and problems."
According to P. V. Young: "Social research is a scientific understanding which by means of logical methods, aim to discover new facts or old facts and to analyze their sequences, interrelationships, casual explanations and natural laws which govern them."